The intensity of vertical pressure at a depth Z directly below the point load Q on its axis of loading is :
The area of cross-section A at failure or during any stage of Triaxial Compression Test and its initial length (L) and volume (V), are related by the equation
According to Rankine's fromula, the minimum depth of foundation
If `beta` is the surcharge angle of a backfill with an angle of internal friction `phi`, the coefficient of active earth pressure given by Rankine's theory, is :